{"id":568,"date":"2011-04-13T13:28:39","date_gmt":"2011-04-13T13:28:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/?p=568"},"modified":"2011-04-14T13:26:30","modified_gmt":"2011-04-14T13:26:30","slug":"americke-raketoplany","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/?p=568","title":{"rendered":"Americk\u00e9 raketopl\u00e1ny"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>V historii programu raketopl\u00e1n\u016f existovalo p\u011bt orbit\u00e1ln\u00edch raketopl\u00e1n\u016f: Atlantis, Challenger, Columbia, Discovery a Endeavour.<\/li>\n<li>Raketopl\u00e1n startuje jako raketa, po ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze se pohybuje jako kosmick\u00e1 lo\u010f a p\u0159ist\u00e1v\u00e1 jako letadlo.<\/li>\n<li>Syst\u00e9m raketopl\u00e1nu se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed: 1) dva pomocn\u00e9 startovac\u00ed stupn\u011b, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed 80 % tahu p\u0159i startu, 2) extern\u00ed odhazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e, kter\u00e1 p\u0159i startu poskytuje palivo hlavn\u00edm motor\u016fm raketopl\u00e1nu; a 3) dru\u017eicov\u00fd stupe\u0148, kter\u00fd za letu slou\u017e\u00ed jako domov pos\u00e1dky.<\/li>\n<li>Kosmick\u00fd raketopl\u00e1n je \u201eprvn\u00edm vesm\u00edrn\u00fdm plavidlem umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm opakovan\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed\u201c. Krom\u011b extern\u00ed palivov\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee lze v\u0161echny sou\u010d\u00e1sti syst\u00e9mu op\u011btovn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edt. Tato n\u00e1dr\u017e po startu sho\u0159\u00ed v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e.<\/li>\n<li>Sestava raketopl\u00e1nu m\u00e1 d\u00e9lku 56 metr\u016f. Dru\u017eicov\u00fd stupe\u0148 m\u00e1 d\u00e9lku p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 37 metr\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Vzletov\u00e1 hmotnost sestavy raketopl\u00e1nu je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2 050 tun.<\/li>\n<li>Pos\u00e1dka sest\u00e1v\u00e1 z p\u011bti a\u017e sedmi \u010dlen\u016f. Mis\u00ed raketopl\u00e1n\u016f se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo p\u0159es 600 \u010dlen\u016f pos\u00e1dek.<\/li>\n<li>V r\u00e1mci vesm\u00edrn\u00e9ho programu raketopl\u00e1n\u016f bylo do vesm\u00edru vyneseno p\u0159es 1 400 tun n\u00e1kladu.<\/li>\n<li>Nejdel\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9lka pobytu raketopl\u00e1nu na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze \u010dinila 17,5 dne, a to v listopadu 1996.<\/li>\n<li>5. ledna 1972 \u2013 prezident Richard Nixon oznamuje z\u00e1m\u011br vyvinout prvn\u00ed kosmick\u00fd raketopl\u00e1n pro cesty do vesm\u00edru.<\/li>\n<li>12.\u201314. dubna 1981 \u2013 Prvn\u00ed mise raketopl\u00e1nu (Columbia) je ur\u010dena k testov\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159edku jeho vysl\u00e1n\u00edm na ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm bezpe\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00edm. Mise je \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 a zahajuje novou \u00e9ru vesm\u00edrn\u00e9ho programu USA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Zaj\u00edmavosti o raketopl\u00e1nech<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Na dosa\u017een\u00ed rychlosti p\u0159es 27 300 kilometr\u016f v hodin\u011b pot\u0159ebuje raketopl\u00e1n zhruba pouh\u00fdch osm minut.<\/li>\n<li>Hlavn\u00ed motor raketopl\u00e1nu v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed pouze sedminu hmotnosti lokomotivy, ale jeho v\u00fdkon vyd\u00e1 za 39 lokomotiv.<\/li>\n<li>Turbo\u010derpadlo hlavn\u00edho motoru raketopl\u00e1nu m\u00e1 takov\u00fd v\u00fdkon, \u017ee by b\u011b\u017en\u00fd rodinn\u00fd baz\u00e9n dok\u00e1zalo vypustit za 25 sekund.<\/li>\n<li>T\u0159i hlavn\u00ed motory raketopl\u00e1nu a dva pomocn\u00e9 startovac\u00ed stupn\u011b vyv\u00edjej\u00ed p\u0159i startu tah p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3,3 milionu kilogram\u016f. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed u prvn\u00edch dvou americk\u00fdch pilotovan\u00fdch vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f \u010dinil tah 35 381 kilogram\u016f u rakety Redstone a 163 926 kilogram\u016f u rakety Atlas.<\/li>\n<li>Kapaln\u00fd vod\u00edk v hlavn\u00edch motorech raketopl\u00e1nu m\u00e1 teplotu \u2212253 \u00b0C a jedn\u00e1 se druhou nejchladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kapalinu na Zemi. P\u0159i jeho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed za pomoci kapaln\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku dosahuje teplota ve spalovac\u00ed komo\u0159e motoru hodnoty 3 316 \u00b0C.<\/li>\n<li>Energie uvoln\u011bn\u00e1 t\u0159emi hlavn\u00edmi motory raketopl\u00e1nu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u00fdkonu 23 hydroelektr\u00e1ren na Hooverov\u011b p\u0159ehrad\u011b.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd pomocn\u00fd raketov\u00fd motor spaluje 5 tun raketov\u00e9ho paliva za sekundu a celkem spot\u0159ebuje 500 000 kilogram\u016f paliva za 120 sekund. Rychlost plyn\u016f proud\u00edc\u00edch z trysky je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 9 600 kilometr\u016f v hodin\u011b, tedy p\u011btkr\u00e1t rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e zvuk a t\u0159ikr\u00e1t rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e st\u0159ela v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 pu\u0161kov\u00e9 r\u00e1\u017ee. Ohniv\u00fd chvost dosahuje d\u00e9lky a\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 150 metr\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Spaln\u00e9 plyny v raketov\u00e9m motoru maj\u00ed teplotu 3 371 \u00b0C, dosahuj\u00ed tedy dvou t\u0159etin teploty na povrchu Slunce. A\u010dkoli by ji\u017e p\u0159i t\u00e9to teplot\u011b ocel dosahovala varu, ocelov\u00fd pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 je speci\u00e1ln\u00ed izolac\u00ed uvnit\u0159 motoru chr\u00e1n\u011bn tak dokonale, \u017ee vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strana pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b m\u00e1 teplotu kolem 55 \u00b0C.<\/li>\n<li>Pomocn\u00fd startovac\u00ed stupe\u0148 m\u00e1 sice stejnou v\u00fd\u0161ku jako Socha Svobody (bez podstavce), tedy 46 metr\u016f, v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v\u0161ak trojn\u00e1sobek.<\/li>\n<li>\u010cty\u0159i proudov\u00e9 motory Boeingu 747 vyvinou tah 85 277 kilogram\u016f, zat\u00edmco jeden motor pomocn\u00e9ho raketov\u00e9ho stupn\u011b vyvine sedmn\u00e1ctin\u00e1sobek t\u00e9to hodnoty \u2013 1,5 milionu kilogram\u016f. Dvojice pomocn\u00fdch raketov\u00fdch motor\u016f m\u00e1 p\u0159i startu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon ne\u017e 35 letadel typu Jumbo.<\/li>\n<li>Kdyby mohla b\u00fdt tepeln\u00e1 energie p\u0159evedena na elektrickou energii, dvouminutov\u00fd provoz dvou pomocn\u00fdch stup\u0148\u016f by vyvinul v\u00fdkon 2,2 milionu kilowatthodin, tedy dostatek energie pro kompletn\u00ed celodenn\u00ed spot\u0159ebu 87 000 dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Robotick\u00e9 manipula\u010dn\u00ed rameno (RMS) raketopl\u00e1nu, kter\u00e9 dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Kanadsk\u00e1 kosmick\u00e1 agentura, v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na Zemi p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 411 kilogram\u016f, av\u0161ak ve vesm\u00edru dok\u00e1\u017ee manipulovat n\u00e1kladem o hmotnosti t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 30 000 kilogram\u016f a o velikosti z\u00e1jezdov\u00e9ho autobusu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V historii programu raketopl\u00e1n\u016f existovalo p\u011bt orbit\u00e1ln\u00edch raketopl\u00e1n\u016f: Atlantis, Challenger, Columbia, Discovery a Endeavour. Raketopl\u00e1n startuje jako raketa, po ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze se pohybuje jako kosmick\u00e1 lo\u010f a p\u0159ist\u00e1v\u00e1 jako letadlo. Syst\u00e9m raketopl\u00e1nu se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed: 1) dva &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/?p=568\">Cel\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":222,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-568","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/568","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/222"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=568"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/568\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":576,"href":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/568\/revisions\/576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=568"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=568"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dokosmuskrtkem.cz\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=568"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}